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Albanian National Awakening
The Albanian National Awakening or the National Renaissance or the National Revival ((アルバニア語:Rilindja Kombëtare)) refers to the period in the history of Albania from 1870 until the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912. Its activists are called ''Revivalists'' ((アルバニア語:Rilindas)).〔
In 1912, with the outbreak of the First Balkan War, the Albanians rose up and declared the creation of an independent Albania, which included what are now Albania and Kosovo.〔Sabrina P. Ramet, (''Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia at peace and at war: selected writings'' ), 1983 - 2007〕 On December 20, 1912 the Conference of Ambassadors in London recognized an independent Albania within its present-day borders.〔Richard C. Hall, (''The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913: prelude to the First World War'' )〕
==Background and 1831–1878 Period==
Right after 1830, when the Massacre of the Albanian Beys occurred, the last Albanian Pashalik, that of Scutari fell. The Bushati dynasty rule ended when an Ottoman army under Mehmed Reshid Pasha besieged the Rozafa Castle and forced Mustafa Reshiti to surrender (1831). The Albanian defeat ended a planned alliance between the Albanians and the Bosnians, who were similarly seeking autonomy. Instead of the ''pashalik'', the ''vilayet''s of Scutari and that of Kosovo were created.
Failed pro-Bushati uprisings in Scutari during 1833–1836 were followed by the northern Albanian Revolt of 1844 and southern Albanian Revolt of 1847, which were reactions to the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms. The 1844 revolt was led by Dervish Cara while 1847 revolt was led by three main leaders: Zenel Gjoleka, Rrapo Hekali and Hodo Nivica. All these uprisings failed; however, they increased the national identity and union between Albanians and played a precursory role to the rise of the Albanian National Awakening.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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